Chrono Virus

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The M protein is the viral protein responsible for the transmembrane transport of nutrients. It is the cause of the bud release and the formation of the viral envelope. [151] The N and E protein are accessory proteins that interfere with the host's immune response. [151] Host factors

Covid in the UK: cases, deaths and vaccinations – the latest

Risk of death following COVID-19 vaccination or positive SARS-CoV-2 test in young people, England: 8 December 2020 to 25 May 2022 The pandemic's true death toll". The Economist. 28 August 2023 [2 November 2021] . Retrieved 28 August 2023. COVID-19 is mainly transmitted when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets/ aerosols and small airborne particles containing the virus. Infected people exhale those particles as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing. [78] [79] [80] [81] Transmission is more likely the closer people are. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors. [78] [82]a b Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Dattani, Saloni; Roser, Max (2020–2022). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data . Retrieved 31 October 2023.

Covid inquiry: The UK pandemic in numbers - BBC News

The standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are nucleic acid tests, [20] [164] which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments. [165] As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited." [166] The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. [167] [168] Results are generally available within hours. [20] The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease. [169]The University of Oxford's CEBM has pointed to mounting evidence [171] [172] that "a good proportion of 'new' mild cases and people re-testing positives after quarantine or discharge from hospital are not infectious, but are simply clearing harmless virus particles which their immune system has efficiently dealt with" and have called for "an international effort to standardize and periodically calibrate testing" [173] In September 2020, the UK government issued "guidance for procedures to be implemented in laboratories to provide assurance of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA results during periods of low prevalence, when there is a reduction in the predictive value of positive test results". [174] Imaging A CT scan of a person with COVID-19 shows lesions (bright regions) in the lungs CT scan of rapid progression stage of COVID-19 Chest X-ray showing COVID‑19 pneumonia Despite the extremely rapid development of effective mRNA and viral vector vaccines, worldwide vaccine equity has not been achieved. The development and use of whole inactivated virus (WIV) and protein-based vaccines have also been recommended, especially for use in developing countries. [213] [214] Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 1" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). 21 January 2020. a b c Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB (May 2020). "Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review". JAMA. 323 (18): 1824–1836. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6019. PMID 32282022. Infectivity can begin four to five days before the onset of symptoms. [84] Infected people can spread the disease even if they are pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic. [85] Most commonly, the peak viral load in upper respiratory tract samples occurs close to the time of symptom onset and declines after the first week after symptoms begin. [85] Current evidence suggests a duration of viral shedding and the period of infectiousness of up to ten days following symptom onset for people with mild to moderate COVID-19, and up to 20 days for persons with severe COVID-19, including immunocompromised people. [86] [85]

COVID-19 - NHS

Some early studies suggest 10% to 20% of people with COVID‑19 will experience symptoms lasting longer than a month. [284] [285] A majority of those who were admitted to hospital with severe disease report long-term problems including fatigue and shortness of breath. [286] On 30 October 2020, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom warned that "to a significant number of people, the COVID virus poses a range of serious long-term effects." He has described the vast spectrum of COVID‑19 symptoms that fluctuate over time as "really concerning". They range from fatigue, a cough and shortness of breath, to inflammation and injury of major organs–including the lungs and heart, and also neurological and psychologic effects. Symptoms often overlap and can affect any system in the body. Infected people have reported cyclical bouts of fatigue, headaches, months of complete exhaustion, mood swings, and other symptoms. Tedros therefore concluded that a strategy of achieving herd immunity by infection, rather than vaccination, is "morally unconscionable and unfeasible". [287] Jan. 31, 2022:England changed their case calculations to include reinfections from earlier in the pandemic. A high incidence of thrombosis and venous thromboembolism occurs in people transferred to intensive care units with COVID‑19 infections, and may be related to poor prognosis. [138] Blood vessel dysfunction and clot formation (as suggested by high D-dimer levels caused by blood clots) may have a significant role in mortality, incidents of clots leading to pulmonary embolisms, and ischaemic events (strokes) within the brain found as complications leading to death in people infected with COVID‑19. [139] Infection may initiate a chain of vasoconstrictive responses within the body, including pulmonary vasoconstriction – a possible mechanism in which oxygenation decreases during pneumonia. [139] Furthermore, damage of arterioles and capillaries was found in brain tissue samples of people who died from COVID‑19. [140] [141] Gorzalski AJ, Tian H, Laverdure C, Morzunov S, Verma SC, VanHooser S, etal. (August 2020). "High-Throughput Transcription-mediated amplification on the Hologic Panther is a highly sensitive method of detection for SARS-CoV-2". Journal of Clinical Virology. 129: 104501. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104501. PMC 7286273. PMID 32619959.The likelihood of new-onset, self-reported long COVID after a second coronavirus (COVID-19) infection compared with a first infection, using data from the COVID-19 Infection Survey. Experimental Statistics. Nogrady B (November 2020). "What the data say about asymptomatic COVID infections". Nature. 587 (7835): 534–535. Bibcode: 2020Natur.587..534N. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-03141-3. PMID 33214725. The virus also affects gastrointestinal organs as ACE2 is abundantly expressed in the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal and rectal epithelium [131] as well as endothelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine. [132] Cardiovascular system Among readily available fabrics, double-layered cotton, hybrid masks, and cotton flannel perform best, [226] and filtration effectiveness generally improves with thread count. [225] Healthcare workers, given their exposure, are recommended against using cloth masks. [226] Indoor ventilation and avoiding crowded indoor spaces Shablovsky S (September 2017). "The legacy of the Spanish flu". Science. 357 (6357): 1245. Bibcode: 2017Sci...357.1245S. doi: 10.1126/science.aao4093. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 44116811.